Atmospheric channel-driven interference handling

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed a method of operating a transmitting network node in a radio access network, the method comprising transmitting, based on determined presence of BS-to-BS interference, first reference signaling, the first reference signaling indicating that the transmitting network node is a victim node of the BS-to-BS interference. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure pertains to wireless communication technology, inparticular regarding 5G networks.

BACKGROUND

In wireless communication system, many kinds of interference can appear.In some cases, if the nature of interference can be identified, suitablecounter measure can be performed against the specific type ofinterference.

A source of interference that is in particular relevant for TDD (TimeDivision Duplex, in which the same carrier is used for uplink anddownlink by switching communication direction over time) may occur dueto atmospheric conditions, which can lead to an atmospheric channelbeing formed, via which radio signaling from one part of a network canpass over larger distance to interfere with another network or anotherpart of the same network. This is sometimes referred to as BS-to-BSinterference, or remote interference. Managing such interference may becalled Remote Interference Management (RIM).

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide approaches allowingimproved handling of interference, in particular BS-to-BS interference.

The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a 5thGeneration (5G) telecommunication network or 5G radio access technologyor network (RAT/RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN mayin particular be a RAN according to NR, for example release 15 or later,or LTE Evolution.

There is disclosed a method of operating a transmitting network node ina radio access network. The method comprises transmitting, based ondetermined presence of BS-to-BS interference, first reference signaling,the first reference signaling indicating that the transmitting networknode is a victim node of the BS-to-BS interference.

There is also disclosed a transmitting network node for a radio accessnetwork. The transmitting network node is adapted to transmit, based ondetermined presence of BS-to-BS interference, first reference signaling,the first reference signaling indicating that the transmitting networknode is a victim node of the BS-to-BS interference. The transmittingnetwork node may comprise, and/or be adapted to utilise, processingcircuitry and/or radio circuitry, in particular a transmitter and/ortransceiver and/or receiver, for transmitting and/or receiving, inparticular of reference signaling, and/or for determining and/ormonitoring presence of BS-to-BS interference.

Moreover, a method of operating a receiving network node in a radioaccess network is considered. The method comprises transmitting secondreference signaling for monitoring, and/or for determining, BS-to-BSinterference by the victim node, wherein the second reference signalingis transmitted based on, and/or in response of, receiving firstreference signaling, the first reference signaling indicating that thetransmitting network node transmitting the first reference signaling isa victim node of BS-to-BS interference.

A receiving network node for a radio access network is disclosed. Thereceiving network node is adapted to transmit second reference signalingfor monitoring, and/or for determining, BS-to-BS interference by thevictim node, wherein the second reference signaling is transmitted basedon, and/or in response of, receiving first reference signaling, thefirst reference signaling indicating that the transmitting network nodetransmitting the first reference signaling is a victim node of BS-to-BSinterference. The receiving network node may comprise, and/or be adaptedto utilise, processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, in particular atransmitter and/or transceiver and/or receiver, for transmitting and/orreceiving, in particular of reference signaling, and/or for determiningand/or monitoring presence of BS-to-BS interference.

The approaches described herein allow communication between aggressornode and victim node with low overhead. In particular, for each node, itmay be sufficient to provide only one type of reference signaling.

Reference signaling for monitoring by a victim node may be referencesignaling allowing a victim node and/or transmitting network node tomonitor the BS-to-BS interference, e.g. whether it is still presentand/or its development over time and/or it strength, e.g. in relation toone or more threshold values. Reference signaling indicating that a nodeis a victim node may indicate the presence of BS-to-BS interference atthe victim node and/or an identity of the victim and/or change ofoperation by the aggressor and/or one or more parameters for changingoperation, e.g. a timing like a delay time and/or suggested guard periodand/or suggested muting and/or signal level of the interference and/orSINR/SIR/SNR or signal quality, etc.

A transmitting network node may be a radio node, in particular a networknode like a gNB or eNB. A receiving network node may be a radio node, inparticular a network node like a gNB or eNB. A radio node may combinefunctionality of a transmitting network node and a receiving node. Asystem comprising a transmitting network node and a receiving networknode may be considered. In some cases, a transmitting network node maybe considered an aggressor node, which may be referred to as Node B. Areceiving network node may be considered a victim node, which may bereferred to as Node A. In some cases, a node may be aggressor and victimnode at the same time, e.g. in relation to the same other node/s, and/orbe aggressor for one or more other nodes, and/or victim to one or moreyet other nodes. An aggressor may be a node that is source of BS-to-BSinterference for another node, which may be considered the victim node.Aggressors and/or victims may represent a group of aggressor nodesand/or victim nodes, respectively. BS-to-BS interference may be due toan atmospheric duct, which may connect aggressor/s and victim/ssymmetrically, or in some cases asymmetrically, e.g. if the node densityfor aggressors is significantly different (e.g., higher) than the nodedensity for victims, and/or the transmitted powers significantly differ.

The presence of BS-to-BS interference may be determined based on aBS-to-NS interference indication. This indication may be based onmeasurements and/or an indication from the network, e.g. a core network,and/or based on reference signaling, e.g. the first reference signaling.

In general, there may be considered that a network node, e.g. atransmitting network node or receiving network node, is adapted totransmit reference signaling from a set of reference signaling based ona RIM state of the network node, and/or the network node may transmitaccordingly. The set may comprise first reference signaling and/orsecond reference signaling, and/or in some cases third referencesignaling. The RIM state may be from a set of states comprising victimstate and aggressor state, and/or a state of combined victim andaggressor. The first reference signaling may be transmitted if thenetwork node is in a victim state, the second reference signaling may betransmitted if the network node is in an aggressor state. In some cases,the third reference signaling may be transmitted if the network node isin a combined state. However, solution in which the first or secondreference signaling is associated to the combined state may beconsidered.

Transmitting and/or receiving may in general comprise operating on acarrier utilising dynamic TDD. However, semi-static TDD or FDD may beconsidered in some scenarios, FDD for example for close (in frequencydomain) carrier pairs.

It may be considered that the first reference signaling may indicatechange in operation on a carrier, and/or the receiving radio node may beadapted to change its operation in response to receiving the firstreference signaling. A request and/or recommendation and/or one or moreparameters for operation may be considered to indicate change inoperation. The receiving radio node may in general change operation,and/or perform and/or apply RIM, based on a received indication ofchange in operation.

The first reference signaling in general may be different from thesecond reference signaling. Third reference signaling may be differentfrom the first and/or second reference signaling. The referencesignaling may be on the same carrier, e.g. for TDD operation. Differentreference signalings may be on the same, overlapping, partiallyoverlapping, or different bandwidth parts. Reference signalings may beconsidered different if they differ in time and/or frequency resourcesused for transmitting and/or sequence (e.g., sequence of modulationsymbols), orthogonal cover code (OCC and/or Hadamard codes)), and/ormodulation type and/or code (e.g., scrambling code or spreading code).Alternatively, or additionally, different reference signaling may differin regards of information density and/or bit number and/or length ofbits and/or number of resource elements used. In particular, the bitnumber and/or information density and/or length of bits and/or resourceelements of the first reference signaling (and/or third referencesignaling) may be higher than that of the second reference signaling.Reference signaling may be repeated at specific intervals, e.g.periodically or aperiodically.

It may be considered that transmitting first reference signaling isstopped based on losing reception of second reference signaling.

Transmitting second reference signaling may be stopped based on losingreception of first reference signaling.

Reference signaling may be signaling not carrying higher layerinformation, e.g. carrying only physical layer information. Referencesignaling may carry a BS-to-BS interference indication, and/or representsuch.

Operating, adapting operation and/or changing operation on a carrier maycomprise adapting timing and/or scheduling on the carrier. The timingand/or scheduling may pertain to determining an UL/DL pattern, and/or ULand/or DL time intervals on the carrier, e.g. for TDD operation, and/ormay pertain to allocating resource to UL and/or DL channels, e.g. forTDD and/or FDD. An UL/DL pattern may indicate time interval for ULoperating and/or DL operation within a frame or slot. Such a pattern maybe underlying additional, channel-specific resource allocations. Thepattern in general may be configured to a UE semi-statically, e.g. withRRC or MAC signaling, or controlled and/or scheduled dynamically, e.g.with DCI signaling. Switching from semi-static TDD to dynamic TDD maycomprise transmitting a corresponding indication to a UE, e.g. with RRCor DCI signaling. Adapting timing and/or scheduling may compriseallocating resources for a UE accordingly, e.g. utilising controlinformation signaling and/or DCI signaling and/or RRC signaling, orother forms of scheduling and/or allocating; this may in particular berelevant for the UL.

In general, a BS-to-BS interference indication may be carried by radiosignaling, e.g. in form of reference signaling and/or SS/PBCH blocksignaling and/or broadcast signaling. The BS-to-BS interferenceindication may be an identity indication, indicating the identity of thetransmitting node transmitting the radio signaling. The identityindication may in particular be provided by the sequence of thereference signaling and/or synchronisation signaling and/or othersignaling. The identity may in particular be, or be based on, a physicalcell ID and/or other identity associated to the transmitting node.

It may be considered that the BS-to-BS interference indication iscarried by an indication message, e.g. in form of a message providing acell identity and/or a carrier interfering and/or a time delay. Themessage may be based on information from another victim node, or atransmitting node (which may have detected interference with thereceiving node as source due to a bidirectional atmospheric channel).

In some variants, operating on the carrier may comprise utilisingdynamic TDD on the carrier. In particular, it may be switched fromsemi-static operation to dynamic TDD, e.g. for one or more UEs.Switching to dynamic TDD may comprise adapting the timing and/orscheduling.

Operating on the carrier, and/or changing or adapting operation, maygenerally include muting transmission on the carrier for a muting timeinterval in which interfering signaling is expected based on theBS-to-BS interference indication. Muting may pertain to uplink and/ordownlink. Muting may be considered a form of adapting timing and/orscheduling. The muting time interval may be based on an interferencetiming. In particular, the muting time interval may have an end symbolaligned with, and/or including, the last symbol of a slot transmittedaccording to the transmission timing of the transmitting node, or belater in time. Muting may in general comprise not transmitting and/ornot scheduling transmission during the muting period, in particular onthe (first) carrier, e.g. in UL, and/or not decoding and/or demodulatingreceived signaling in the muting time interval, and/or putting radiocircuitry like a transceiver and/or transmitter and/or receiver into apower-saving mode and/or deactivated mode. The muting time interval maystart at the end of a DL time interval of the receiving node, and/or ata switch between DL to UL.

In some variants, operating on a carrier, and/or changing or adaptingoperation, may comprise scheduling DL operation for a time period inwhich interfering signaling is expected based on the BS-to-BSinterference indication.

Changing or adapting operation, e.g. on a carrier, may comprise adaptingtiming and/or scheduling such that switches from DL time intervals to ULtime intervals coincide with ends of expected interference intervals,and/or such that UL time intervals start when or after a slot end of atransmission timing structure of an interfering node. It may be assumedthat a receiving node may be informed about, and/or configured with,semi-static TDD pattern/s used by other network nodes, and/or may beusing the same semi-static TDD patterns. For example, network nodes in anetwork, and/or groups of network nodes, may use the same patterns.

Operating on a carrier, and/or changing or adapting operation, maycomprise scheduling a guard period based on the BS-to-BS interferenceindication. A guard period may be a time interval corresponding to amuting time interval. Alternatively, or additionally, during the guardperiod, measurements may be performed to determine the identity of theinterfering node, e.g. based on SS/PBCH block transmission from theinterfering node. The guard period may be such that it covers expectedSS/PBCH block transmission. Such transmission may be expected based oncorresponding information, which may be predefined and/or configured tothe receiving node, e.g. by a node of the core network like an MMEand/or a grouping node and/or a gateway like a S-GW. Guard periods formeasuring may be used regularly, e.g. periodically and/or aperiodically,to determine whether BS-to-BS interference still occurs, e.g. bymonitoring for and/or receiving reference signaling and/orsynchronisation signaling.

It should be noted that timing and/or scheduling may be adaptedregularly and/or periodically and/or while BS-to-BS interference isconsidered to occur, e.g. such that switches from DL to UL occur timedto avoid interference from time-shifted DL signaling from an interferingnode.

In general, operating on a carrier, and/or changing or adaptingoperation, may comprise timing transmission, e.g. DL transmission, tonot interfere with UL time intervals of an interfering node. Forexample, muting intervals may be used to mute DL transmissionaccordingly. Muting intervals for UL may have the same duration as suchfor DL, but may be different. It may be considered that mini-slot basedoperation is used for DL transmissions based on receiving the BS-to-BSinterference indication. In some cases, it may be considered thatdownlink transmission is muted in a muting time interval at the end of aslot, wherein the muting time interval may correspond to the time shift(e.g., dt).

It may be considered that receiving a BS-to-BS interference indicationcarried by radio signaling, and/or reference signaling, is based onmonitoring for such indication and/or reference signaling. Monitoringfor such indication and/or reference signaling may be performed based ona signal quality of received signaling, and/or on a time behaviour ofsuch (e.g., based on stored information). For example, the monitoringmay be triggered if the signal quality drops below a threshold, and/or atime behaviour or changes in the signal quality occur indicative ofBS-to-BS interference. Indicative may for example be a signal qualitythat improves during a UL time interval, e.g. for a plurality of slotsand/or regularly at comparable times within the slot or UL timeinterval; the times may correspond to the time shift of signaling fromthe interfering node.

BS-to-BS interference may in general be interference caused bysignaling, e.g. downlink signaling, transmitted by one (transmitting orinterfering) network node like a gNB or base station and received, e.g.in a reception frequency range and/or during a reception time interval,e.g. UL time interval, by another (receiving or victim) network node.The interference may be due to an atmospheric channel or duct.

Operating on a carrier, also referred to as utilising a carrier forcommunicating, may comprise transmitting and/or receiving on thecarrier, e.g. according to scheduling and/or timing. The scheduling maybe performed by the (receiving or victim) network node. Schedulingand/or timing may indicate when a carrier is used for transmittingand/or receiving, and/or when a node expects and/or monitors forsignaling on the carrier. Such timing may for example indicate when acarrier is used for UL and when for DL. The timing may be on symbol- orslot-level basis.

In some cases, the (first) carrier may, e.g. as primary componentcarrier, be in a carrier aggregation, which may comprise one or moreadditional component carriers. The additional component carrier/s may beutilised analogously to the (first) carrier.

It may be considered that the indication of BS-to-BS interference may berepresented by radio signaling received from an interfering radio node.The radio signaling may indicate an identity of the interfering node,and/or comprise reference signaling as discussed herein, and/or maycomprise SS/PBCH block transmission.

An indication of BS-of-BS interference may in general indicate and/orcomprise the presence of BS-to-BS interference explicitly, orimplicitly, and/or indicate an identity of an interfering node and/orcell and/or group. In some cases, the indication may indicate a carrierit pertains to, and/or a time delay and/or distance, e.g. to a victimnode, in particular is the indication is received in an indicationmessage from the network. An indication message from the network maycomprise a message from a network node in the same group as the networknode receiving the message (the receiving node), and/or from a groupingnode, and/or a MME or other node of a higher layer, and/or a node in thecore network. The indication message from the network may be transmittedto the receiving node via an X2 or Xn interface, and/or an S2 or Sninterface, and/or pass via one or more core network node/s. First and/orsecond reference signaling may indicate to a receiver that BS-to-BSinterference is present.

The (first) carrier and/or component carriers may be used for TimeDivision Duplex, TDD, operation. TDD system are particularly sensitiveto BS-to-BS interference. However, the approaches may in some cases alsobe used for FDD operation. The first carrier may be a FDD uplink ordownlink carrier of paired spectrum (a pair or paired spectrum mayrepresent a UL carrier and a DL carrier used to communicate with a UE).

Operating on a carrier, and/or changing or adapting operation, maycomprise adapting (e.g., from previous setup or operation) operation orutilization, e.g., in particular changing uplink and/or downlinktransmission timing, and/or switching from semi-static TDD operation todynamic TDD operation. Semi-static TDD operation may pertain operationaccording to a TDD configuration (in particular, distribution of UL andDL time intervals, e.g. symbols and/or slots) configured with RRCsignaling, and/or configured for a time period that is indeterminateand/or longer than 5 or 10 slots or subframes. In dynamic TDD operation,the TDD configuration may be configured or selected (or be configurableor selectable) for a slot or for several slots based on controlinformation signaling, in particular using DCI message or messages. Insome cases, the DCI message may select a configuration from a set ofconfigurations configured with RRC signaling. Switching to dynamic TDDoperation facilitates greater flexibility and/or control over possiblyinterfering signaling.

The indication of BS-to-BS interference (BS-to-BS interferenceindication) may be received from another network node, e.g. in anindication message, for example via an X2 interface from another orneighboring radio node like a gNB or relay node, and/or from a MME, e.g.via an S2 or S-type interface. The other node may be used for routingthe indication from another node further away, which may be transparentto the routing node/s, or they may be aware of what they are routing.The indication may be included in a communication message.

It may be considered that the indication of BS-to-BS interferencecomprises and/or is represented by radio signaling indicating anidentity of the network node transmitting it. The radio signaling may inparticular comprise the reference signaling indicating the identity,and/or synchronisation signaling and/or SS/PBCH block signaling, orother signaling indicating the identify.

There is also considered a program product comprising instructionsadapted for causing processing circuitry to control and/or perform amethod as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangementcarrying and/or storing a program product as described herein may beconsidered. A system comprising a network node and/or a UE and/or atransmitting and receiving network node as described herein is alsodescribed, as well as an associated information system.

The network node/s and/or UEs may in particular be operated in TDD mode.In general, the network nodes may operate on the same carrier, and/oroverlapping carriers and/or neighboring carriers, and/or carriersadjacent to each other in frequency space, with a small frequency gapbetween them (e.g., less than a carrier bandwidth, or between 200% and50% thereof, or less). In particular, a receiving node may receive on orclose to a carrier frequency used for transmission by a transmittingnode. Network nodes may be associated to the same network, e.g. operatedby the same operator, and/or utilising the same RAT. SS/PBCH blocksignaling may pass via an atmospheric channel.

An identity associated to a network node may in general indicate thatsignaling associated to that identity comes from a network node and/oris downlink signaling. As such, it may indicate interference from anetwork node, also referred to as Base Station-to Base Station (BS-BS)interference, if it is received. This allows identifying the nature ofinterference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approachesdescribed herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. Thedrawings comprise:

FIG. 1, showing an exemplary communication network;

FIG. 2, showing an exemplary scenario for RIM;

FIG. 3, showing another exemplary scenario for RIM;

FIG. 4, showing an example of a radio node implemented as a terminal orUE; and

FIG. 5, showing an example of a radio node implemented as a networknode, in particular a gNB.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following, concepts and approaches are described in the contextof NR technology. However, the concepts and approaches may be applied toother RATs and/or carrier types.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary communication network. The network may be runby one operator, or may comprise parts run by different operators. Thenetwork may comprise a plurality of network nodes 100 like gNbs or eNBs.The network nodes 100 may be arranged to be distributed over a largearea, e.g. to be able to provide radio access for a region like a cityand/or community and/or state and/or country. Any individual node mayhave one or more neighboring nodes which may be in physical proximity tothe node. In physical proximity, radio cells provided by neighboringnodes may overlap and/or neighbor, e.g. on purpose and/or according todesign. It may be considered that the possibility of handover isintended for neighboring network nodes. Neighboring network nodes may beconnected to each other via a communication interface, e.g. an X2 or Xnor similar interface.

A network node may utilise a list of neighboring nodes and/or cells,which may also include a list of nodes operating according differentRATS, e.g. UMTS or GSM. The list may be provided to one or more userequipments, e.g. with broadcast, unicast or multicast signaling, and/orRRC signaling or MAC signaling or even higher layer signaling. Networknodes 100 may be connected for communication, e.g. individually and/orvia a common interface, to a core network (CN) via an intermediate node,e.g. a Mobility Management Entity (MME). Different nodes 100 may beconnected to the CN via different MMEs. It may be considered thatnetwork nodes 100 and/or cells, which may be associated to nodes, aregrouped, e.g. in group G1 and group G2. A connection between an MME anda network node may be via a corresponding interface, e.g. a S1interface. An MME may be connected to higher CN layers, e.g. a gatewaylike a S-GW (Serving GateWay). In the CN, multiple entities or nodes maybe arranged and/or included, via which communication between networknodes and/or user equipments or terminals may be routed. In FIG. 1,additional network nodes 100 and/or groups of nodes are indicated as RANelements. A group of network nodes and/or cells may comprise a number NGof network nodes that may be 1 or larger. Different groups may havedifferent sizes. The number and/or identity of network nodes in a groupmay be determined based on location and/or proximity and/or density ofdistribution of nodes and/or geography and/or transmission environmentand/or radiation profile. A group may cover an area, in which cellsand/or network nodes associated to the group may be arranged. It may beconsidered that for some cases, groups in regions with a higher densityof network nodes and/or cells (per area) cover a smaller area thangroups in regions with lower density. Example sizes of groups comprise 4or more, 8 or more, 10 or more, 12 or more network nodes and/or cells.Grouping of network nodes and/or cells may be performed and/orconfigured by a grouping node, which may be a network node or a node ofthe CN, e.g. a MME or S-GW. In general, a network node may be grouped inone or more groups. A network node and/or a grouping node may determine,and/or have access to, representation or list of one or more groups, inparticular of groups it belongs to and/or groups it configured orgrouped. Signaling and/or cells of network nodes, in particular ofnetwork nodes in the same group, may be synchronised, e.g. according toa timing grid like a slot structure. Synchronised signaling may pertainto a shared time reference, which may indicate common timings, e.g. slotstarts and/or ends. It may however be considered, that differentnumerologies are being used in different cells and/or by differentnodes, which still may be synchronised, following the same timereference.

In general, neighboring network nodes may interfere with each other.However, in particular within networks run by the same operator, impactof such interference at the network side may be limited. In the case ofTDD operation, the nodes may have a common UL/DL structure, in which thesame slots (e.g., in a frame) may be associated to UL signaling and DLsignaling, so that either all or at least most network nodes will be intransmission or reception at the same time. For FDD operation, in whichdifferent carriers are used for UL and DL, a network node is unlikely toreceive DL transmission from another node on a carrier it is listeningto.

However, in some cases, an atmospheric (or long distance) channel maydevelop that can bring interference from far away nodes. Due toatmospheric conditions and/or conditions of earth's magnetic field, orsimilar effects (e.g., solar influence), electromagnetic radiation suchas signaling from radio nodes can be transmitted over large distance,e.g. through a channel or layer connection regions and/or network nodesor groups of network nodes. Such channels may connect groups or regionsover larger distances, 10s or 100s of kilometers, or more. They mayappear unexpectedly, and may be quite stable over time, enduring forminutes or hours. The areas, e.g. in cross-section or projection againstthe ground, of regions connected may dependent on the exact conditions,they may irregular and/or asymmetric. Signaling passing through anatmospheric channel will usually be directed and not be isotropic, suchthat its amplitude or power density may be a significant source ofinterference. It should be noted that a channel may be bidirectionaland/or may have one or more regions of entry or exit of signaling.Signaling passing through a channel may undergo multiple deflections onborders of the channel.

In particular, if one of the regions connected is densely populated withnetwork nodes, an atmospheric channel can have significant impact on thesignaling environment. For example, user equipments may suddenly detecta cell that is very far away. The impact on the signaling environment ofnetwork nodes may be considerable. Signaling from one or more networknodes, or one or more groups of nodes, e.g. group G1 of FIG. 1, passingthrough an atmospheric channel to a distant region, e.g. covering groupG2, is subject to a path delay (also referred to as time delay) dt, andmay lose synchronisation between groups or regions, if there was any.Network nodes 100 c 2, 100 n 2 may be in the same region as the nodes ofG2, but in this example are not included into group G2. They may beassociated to one of a group G3, Gn. It should be noted that not allnetwork nodes of a group may be covered by a region included in orterminating a channel, and/or be affected by the interference providedby a channel. Signaling may also be spread in time and/or be spread orshifted in frequency to some degree. At the bottom of FIG. 1, there areshown two TDD slot arrangements for G1, G2, which in the example areassumed to be synchronised and co-aligned, having the same sequence ofUL/DL slots, in the example UL/DL/DL/UL, starting at a common timereference used for both groups G1 and G2. This simple example isdiscussed to illustrate the nature of potential issues, more complicatedsetups may be analogously affected. In particular UL/DL may change onthe symbol time interval level within a slot, e.g. depending onconfiguration. The diagram shows how the UL/DL structure used forsignaling at G2 would arrive at G1 when passing through an atmosphericchannel and subjected to a time delay dt. This delay dt (also referredto as time shift) may correspond to any delay value, it does notnecessary conform with the timing structure of the slot grid, but maylead to signaling structures being arbitrarily shifted against the slotstructure, e.g. such that signaling starts within a symbol timeinterval, not at its beginning. Assuming co-alignment andsynchronisation, G1 will follow the structure also used by G2 for itsown cells and communication. In particular, in UL slots, it will monitora TDD carrier for reception of uplink signaling from UEs in its cell.With the time delay dt, downlink signaling from G2 (one or more nodes)may extend into an uplink slot of G1, leading to signaling from networknode/s from G2 interfering with signaling to be received by node/s inG1. It is conceivable that similar problems can occur for FDD, dependingon the carriers used. For example, an FDD carrier used for DL in onenode or group may be close enough in frequency domain to an FDD carrierused for UL in another group or node, such that the cells may interfere.

To ameliorate effects from atmospheric channel driven interference, itis helpful to identify the nature and/or source of the interference, inparticular that it comes from a network node and/or from which networknode. NR (also LTE) allow associating a physical cell ID to a cell,which may be encoded in broadcast signaling like synchronisationsignaling, in particular a SS/PBCH block in NR or a PSS/SSS in LTE. Thephysical cell IDs are limited, and the total number of physical cell IDsare lower than the total possible cells distributed over all areas thatmay be affected by atmospheric channels. It may be considered to includethe unique total cell ID (of which the physical cell ID may be a part),e.g. into a Primary Synchronisation Signaling (PSS) and/or SecondarySynchronisation Signaling (SSS) and/or a PBCH. In particular, each ofPSS and/or SSS and/or PBCH may carry in full or in part bits of thetotal cell ID. The bits may be encoded into the signaling structure, inparticular for PSS and/or SSS, e.g. in terms of its sequence and/orresources, and/or be represented by modulated bits, e.g. for PBCH.

It may be considered to provide a new reference signal or signaling(RS), which may be referred to as interference indication referencesignaling (IIRS) or cell ID reference signaling (CIRS). First and/orsecond and/or third reference signaling may be of such kind of referencesignaling. A network node may be adapted to transmit the referencesignaling. In another variant, a network node may be adapted to receivethe reference signaling. The reference signaling may indicate theidentity of the network node transmitting it, or of a group of networknodes it belongs to. The reference signaling may be represented bymodulation symbols, which may be mapped to resources, e.g. resourceelements, according to a sequence. The sequence may be a, or be basedon, Gold sequence, or a Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a Golay sequence, oranother suitable sequence, and/or of a set of orthogonal sequences.Indicating the node or group may be based on the reference signaling onits own, or it may be based on the reference signaling and another formof signaling, e.g. in combination. For example, the reference signalingmay together with the physical cell ID as indicated by SS blocksignaling or other broadcast information indicate the group or node.Thus, information already supplied may be supplemented by the referencesignaling. Assuming that the reference signaling can indicate 1000different values, e.g. according to its sequence and/or location in timeand/or frequency The reference signaling may cover in time domain 2 ormore symbols, each of which may carry a modulation symbol or referencesymbol, e.g. a BPSK or QPSK symbol. There may be considered a networknode adapted to determine the identity associated to a second networknode based on the reference signaling, and/or based on the referencesignaling and associated SS/PBCH block transmission. In particular, itmay be considered that a second network node (or receiving network node)is adapted for receiving the SS/PBCH block transmission associated tothe received reference signaling (CIRS or IIRS) based on receiving thereference signaling. From the position of the reference signaling, e.g.at the end of transmission slot, the second network node may determinethe relative timing (e.g., including the time delay dt), and may be ableto monitor and/or find and/or identify the associated SS/PBCH blocktransmission more easily. Reception of the reference signaling maytrigger receiving and/or monitoring for SS/PBCH block transmission. Suchmonitoring and/or receiving may be later in the same slot, or in a laterslot, or in a time interval covering one or more later slots and/orSS/PBCH block transmission occasions of the transmitting node.

Alternatively, or additionally, a network node or radio node may beadapted to determine an identity based on SS/PBCH block transmissionreceived, and a determined time shift of the received SS/PBCH blocktransmission. For example, the time shift may be relative to a slottiming structure, and/or relative to expected and/or indicated SS/PBCHblock transmission and/or relative to SS/PBCH block transmission by thenetwork node. SS/PBCH block transmission may be considered expectedand/or indicated when the network node has been configured withinformation indicating when and/or on which time/frequency resourcesand/or which network node/s or group/s of nodes the SS/PBCH blocktransmission may be transmitted. The information may be provided by alist or map of network nodes and/or groups of network nodes. Determiningidentity based on SS/PBCH block transmission may comprise performing acell search, and/or identifying a physical cell identity based on theSS/PBCH block received. Based on the time shift, from multiple possiblecells or nodes to which the physical cell identity (which may compriseone or more components, e.g. cell group ID and cell ID, togetherrepresenting the physical cell ID) may fit, one or more likelycandidates may be selected. For example, a large time shift may indicatea large physical distance between the cells and/or nodes and/or groups,whereas a short time shift may indicate a short physical distance. Inparticular, the time shift may indicate an upper limit for the distance,considering that radio signaling propagates at the speed of light. Thus,determination of one candidate may be possible. In some cases,determination may be based on a determined angle of direction, inparticular a vertical angle and/or a sector or section of a cell, e.g.based on a reception beam or reception beams on which the SS/PBCH blockis received and/or an orientation of the sector or section. Determiningthe identity may be based on one or more additional parameters of theSS/PBCH block transmission, e.g. frequency, in particular subcarriersused for SS/PBCH block transmission, and/or periodicity. Periodicity maydescribe when and/or how often SS/PBCH blocks or bursts are transmitted.Different periodicities and/or frequencies may be mapped or mappable todifferent network nodes and/or cells and/or groups, e.g. according tothe list or map. A map may be represented by one or more lists and/ortables, which may indicate any of the parameters or informationdiscussed herein, and/or any combination thereof.

Alternatively, or additionally, a network node or radio node may beconsidered that is adapted to transmit an identity indication. Theidentity indication may be encoded in a broadcast signal, in particularPBCH and/or PDSCH. The identity indication may in particular be includedin SS/PBCH transmission, e.g., in the PBCH part, and/or may complementsynchronisation signaling for indicating the identity.

In general, an identity may be one out of a set of identities, which maybe configurable and/or settable and/or configured and/or set for anetwork node or group of nodes, e.g. by or via a CN and/or MME and/orgrouping node. In some cases, the identity may be preconfigured, e.g.when setting up the network node. The set of identities may comprise anumber NI of different identities, wherein NI may be at least 5000, orat least 10000, or at least 20000, or at least 50000, or at least100000. An identity indication may be provided by reference signalingand/or synchronisation signaling and/or broadcast signaling, e.g. abroadcast message and/or PBCH signaling or message, and/or PDSCHmessage. A PDSCH message may be associated to a SS/PBCH block, e.g.neighboring in time and/or frequency to SS/PBCH block transmission,and/or be in the same transmission or transmission block. An identitymay be represented and/or representable by a number, e.g. an integernumber. An identity may be considered to be associated to a network nodeif it configured and/or set and/or preconfigured for the network node.In some cases, a network node may be configured or preconfigured with aset of possible identities, one or more of which may be configuredand/or indicated by a configuration. This allows changing with limitedsignaling overhead of identities during operation. It may be consideredthat the identity is and/or comprises a group identity and/or a cellidentity and/or a network node identity. Alternatively, or additionally,the identity may be, or comprise a unique cell identifier and/or aglobal cell ID (GCI) or cell global ID (CGI) or similar. It may inparticular be represented by, and/or correspond to, 12 or more bits, or16 or more bits, or 20 or more bits, or 24 or more bits, or 28 or morebits. In some cases, determining the identity may comprise transmittingan identity indication indicating the identity to a third network node,which may be a radio network node or a core network node and/or agrouping node. Information may be provided to more than one node, inparticular to radio nodes in the same group or groups as the networknode (e.g., based on a group list or group configuration or groupingmap), and/or an MME and/or a grouping node.

A grouping node may be any network node grouping one or more networksnodes (e.g., radio nodes and/or transmitting radio nodes) into one ormore groups and/or informing and/or configuring the grouped nodescorrespondingly. A grouping node may be a radio node, or a node of ahigher layer in the network, in particular a MME or S-GW or othergateway or managing node. Different grouping nodes may exchangeinformation regarding groups, e.g. list and/or maps. It may beconsidered that a grouping managing node, which may be a grouping nodeitself, and/or may be at a higher network layer, may receive groupinginformation from one or more grouping nodes, based on which it mayprovide a grouping map of a plurality of groups. A group may generallycomprise one or more network nodes. Grouping information and/or agrouping map may comprise information mapping group/s (and/oridentities) to one or more parameters, e.g. reference signalingstructure (e.g., sequence, resources and/or periodicity), and/ortime-shift and/or distance and/or other parameters. Groupinginformation, and/or information representing a grouping map, may beconfigured to radio nodes, e.g. network nodes like gNBs or basestations. Thus, a network node or radio node may be informed about whichnetwork node is interfering based on the grouping map and determinedidentity. Alternatively, or additionally, a network node determining theidentity may provide identity information to another node, e.g. anothernetwork node like a radio node/gNB/base station, and/or a higher layernode like a network node and/or grouping node.

Generally, the network node and the second network node may besynchronised in time, e.g. using the same time reference. In particular,transmissions by the nodes may be synchronised such that for exampleslot borders may coincide, e.g. at the beginning and/or end of asubframe or frame. A SS/PBCH block transmission may representtransmission of PSS and/or SSS and/or PBCH and/or PDSCH on resources ofa SS/PBCH block. A network node will receive a transmission with atleast a time shift due to traveling time.

BS-to-BS interference may in general be interference caused bysignaling, e.g. downlink signaling, transmitted by one (transmitting orinterfering) network node like a gNB or base station and received, e.g.in a reception frequency range and/or during a reception time interval,e.g. UL time interval, by another (receiving or victim) network node.

An indication of BS-of-BS interference may in general indicate and/orcomprise the presence of BS-to-BS interference explicitly, orimplicitly, and/or indicate an identity of an interfering node and/orcell and/or group. In some cases, the indication may indicate a carrierit pertains to, and/or a time delay and/or distance, e.g. to a victimnode.

Semi-static TDD operation may pertain operation according to a TDDconfiguration (in particular, distribution of UL and DL time intervals,e.g. symbols and/or slots) configured with RRC signaling, and/orconfigured for a time period that is indeterminate and/or longer than 5or 10 slots or subframes. In dynamic TDD operation, the TDDconfiguration may be configured or selected (or be configurable orselectable) for a slot or for several slots based on control informationsignaling, in particular using DCI message or messages. In some cases,the DCI message may select a configuration from a set of configurationsconfigured with RRC signaling. Switching to dynamic TDD operationfacilitates greater flexibility and/or control over possibly interferingsignaling.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary scenario for management of BS-to-BSinterference (or RIM). An aggressor node (also node B) may cause remoteinterference (RI) at a second node, a victim node, which may identifythe presence of BS-to-BS interference, e.g. based on increasedinterference, or a BS-to-BS interference indication, or an interferencecharacteristic, which may for example be measured. Upon detection of theRI, the victim node (transmitting network node) may transmit firstreference signaling (first RS). The aggressor node may receive the firstreference signaling, and change its operation, also referred to asperforming and/or applying RIM. It also may transmit reference signalingto help the victim node to monitor the RI, e.g. second referencesignaling (second RS). The second reference signaling in general mayindicate the presence of RI, but may be free of indication of change ofoperation. Accordingly, the victim node may be operated withoutperforming RIM. If the victim node also acts as an aggressor, theaggressor node may transmit second reference signaling instead.

FIG. 3 shows another scenario for RIM. In this case, the RI has vanishedor is lower than a threshold value. In this case, both aggressor (nodeB) and victim (node A) may stop transmitting their respective referencesignalings. The aggressor may also stop performing RIM.

In general, it is suggested transmitting a RIM RS from a given node incase of remote interference. The RIM RS carries information,recommending the receiver to perform certain actions, e.g. indicatingchange of operation and/or performance of RIM. Different nodes in thenetwork can transmit different RIM RSs, and hence communicate differentinformation to the receiver. The information can be carried in forexample the mapping of the sequence to the physical resources (in time,frequency, or both), or the code domain (e.g., by the sequence selected,and/or orthogonal code applied). These approaches facilitate lowerresource usage for the transmission from a given node. It may be avoidedthat a victim node that is not also acting as an aggressor unnecessarilyapplies a RIM scheme, avoiding lowering the capacity in its cell.

It may generally be considered that the reference signal (RS) to betransmitted in case of a remote interference is selected by thetransmitting node (e.g., transmitting network node or receiving networknode, respectively aggressor or victim). The transmitting node isselecting the RS based on the state of the node, and the informationdesired to be conveyed to the receiving node. Examples of states thetransmitting node can be in are: remote interference detected (victim),and/or, remote interference reference signal detected (aggressor). Theremote interference signal may correspond to the first referencesignaling. The RS transmission may in general communicate to receivingnodes, the actions to apply. Examples of actions include: apply a RIMscheme, transmit an RS indicating that a given RS is received.

In one variant, the RS to be transmitted may be selected between twodifferent RSs (e.g., out of a set). “A different RS” may be consideredto refer to different ways of transmitting the RS, and/or that thereceiver can detect the different ways of transmitting. In somevariants, the different ways of transmitting an RS include transmittingthe RS in different positions in a certain time resource, using specificfrequency resources (for example a sub-band in the system bandwidth),carrying the information in the specific baseband sequence generated(for example different sequence initializations), or applying a overlaidcode to the generated sequences (for example per-sequence appliedHadamard coefficients, also often referred to as orthogonal cover codes,OCC). The first RS may for example be transmitted to communicate to thereceiver that the transmitting node is interfered and that this is dueto remote interference. The second RS may be transmitted to communicateto the receiver that the remote interference is present in the network.Having this knowledge, the receiver can also conclude that when the RSis no longer detectable, the remote interference situation has probablystopped.

The triggering of the two RS transmissions are illustrated in FIG. 2. Asalready mentioned, it should be noted that a node here can be multiplephysical nodes, as shown in for example FIG. 1. When the remoteinterference situation stops, none of the nodes is causing remoteinterference to the other, see e.g. FIG. 3.

Even if a certain network node or gNB identifies as both aggressor andvictim, it does not need to transmit two reference signals, reducing theRS transmission overhead. In essence, a network node (transmitting orreceiving) like a gNB may be considered to transmits a single referencesignaling regardless if it identifies as only aggressor, only victim orboth aggressor and victim. However, the single reference signal the nodeor gNB transmits may be different (e.g., selected from first and secondreference signaling) depending on if it identifies as only aggressor oronly victim, or in some cases both aggressor and victim (in the lattercase, it may transmit in particular the first reference signaling).Three different kinds of reference signals may be transmitted by anetwork node or gNB, depending on if it identifies as only aggressor,only victim or both aggressor and victim (e.g., first, second and thirdreference signaling).

In some variants, a non-victim gNB may only need to monitor a certain“RIM-RS search space” corresponding to possible reference signals of afirst RS category, while victim gNBs may need to monitor two “RIM-RSsearch spaces” respectively corresponding to a first and a second RScategory.

In another variant, the RS to be transmitted is selected betweenmultiple RSs. “Multiple RS” here is referring to different ways oftransmitting the RS, and that the receiver can detect the different waysof transmitting (corresponding to a set of RS). In some variants, thedifferent ways of transmitting an RS include transmitting the RS indifferent positions in a certain time resource, using specific frequencyresources (for example a sub-band in the system bandwidth), carrying theinformation in the specific baseband sequence generated (for exampledifferent sequence initializations), or applying a overlaid code to thegenerated sequences (for example per-sequence applied Hadamardcoefficients, also often referred to as orthogonal cover codes, OCC). Aset of RSs may be transmitted to communicate to the receiver that thetransmitting node is interfered and that multiple sequences are used tocommunicate the interference characteristics experienced (e.g. signallevel and/or interference level).

The approaches described herein facilitate lower resource usage for theRS transmission from a given node. A victim node that is not also actingas an aggressor will not unnecessarily apply a RIM scheme and hencelower the capacity in its cell.

FIG. 4 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a terminal orwireless device 10, which may in particular be implemented as a UE (UserEquipment). Radio node comprises processing circuitry (which may also bereferred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controllerconnected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. acommunicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and/orexecutable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module inthe controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality(e.g., one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers),the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processingcircuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected orconnectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and/or amplifysignals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controllingit are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RANas described herein, and/or for sidelink communication. Radio node 10may generally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating aradio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it maycomprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/ormodules.

FIG. 5 schematically show a radio node 100, which may in particular beimplemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similarfor NR. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also bereferred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controllerconnected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and/orreceiving module and/or configuring module of the node 100 may beimplemented in and/or executable by the processing circuitry 120. Theprocessing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 ofthe node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and/or transceiverfunctionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and/orreceivers and/or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may beconnected or connectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception ortransmittance and/or amplification. Node 100 may be adapted to carry outany of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosedherein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g.processing circuitry, and/or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may beconnected to and/or comprise an antenna array. The node 100,respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methodsof operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; inparticular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processingcircuitry, and/or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprisecommunication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another networknode, like a radio node, and/or with a core network and/or an internetor local net, in particular with an information system, which mayprovide information and/or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.

Subject transmission may be data signaling or control signaling. Thetransmission may be on a shared or dedicated channel. Data signaling maybe on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicateddata channel, e.g. for low latency and/or high reliability, e.g. a URLLCchannel. Control signaling may be on a control channel, for example on acommon control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and/or comprise one or moreDCI messages or SCI messages. In some cases, the subject transmissionmay comprise, or represent, reference signaling. For example, it maycomprise DM-RS and/or pilot signaling and/or discovery signaling and/orsounding signaling and/or phase tracking signaling and/or cell-specificreference signaling and/or user-specific signaling, in particularCSI-RS. A subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignmentand/or one acknowledgement signaling process (e.g., according toidentifier or subidentifier), and/or one subdivision. In some cases, asubject transmission may cross the borders of subdivisions in time, e.g.due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extending intoanother, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case,it may be considered that the subject transmission is associated to thesubdivision it ends in.

It may be considered that transmitting acknowledgement information, inparticular of acknowledgement information, is based on determiningwhether the subject transmission/s has or have been received correctly,e.g. based on error coding and/or reception quality. Reception qualitymay for example be based on a determined signal quality. Acknowledgementinformation may generally be transmitted to a signaling radio nodeand/or node arrangement and/or to a network.

Acknowledgement information, or bit/s of a subpattern structure of suchinformation, may represent and/or comprise one or more bits, inparticular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a datastructure or substructure or message like a control message may beconsidered a subpattern. The structure or arrangement of acknowledgementinformation may indicate the order, and/or meaning, and/or mapping,and/or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the information. Thestructure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data blockstructures, e.g. code blocks and/or code block groups and/or transportblocks and/or messages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgementinformation pertains to, and/or which bits or subpattern of bits areassociated to which data block structure. In some cases, the mapping maypertain to one or more acknowledgement signaling processes, e.g.processes with different identifiers, and/or one or more different datastreams. The configuration or structure or codebook may indicate towhich process/es and/or data stream/s the information pertains.Generally, the acknowledgement information may comprise one or moresubpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. acode block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may bearranged to indicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or anotherretransmission state like non-scheduling or non-reception, of theassociated data block structure. It may be considered that a subpatterncomprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit. It should benoted that acknowledgement information may be subjected to significantprocessing before being transmitted with acknowledgement signaling.Different configurations may indicate different sizes and/or mappingand/or structures and/or pattern.

An acknowledgment signaling process (providing acknowledgmentinformation) may be a HARQ process, and/or be identified by a processidentifier, e.g. a HARQ process identifier or subidentifier.Acknowledgement signaling, and/or associated acknowledgementinformation, may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback.It should be noted that data blocks or structures to which subpatternsmay pertain may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and/orsystemic and/or coding bits). However, depending on transmissionconditions, such data may be received or not received (or not receivedcorrectly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback. Insome cases, a subpattern of acknowledgement signaling may comprisepadding bits, e.g. if the acknowledgement information for a data blockrequires fewer bits than indicated as size of the subpattern. Such mayfor example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size larger thanrequired for the feedback.

Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK,e.g. pertaining to an acknowledgment signaling process, or an element ofa data block structure like a data block, subblock group or subblock, ora message, in particular a control message. Generally, to anacknowledgment signaling process there may be associated one specificsubpattern and/or a data block structure, for which acknowledgmentinformation may be provided. Acknowledgement information may comprise aplurality of pieces of information, represented in a plurality of HARQstructures.

An acknowledgment signaling process may determine correct or incorrectreception, and/or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a datablock like a transport block, and/or substructures thereof, based oncoding bits associated to the data block, and/or based on coding bitsassociated to one or more data block and/or subblocks and/or subblockgroup/s. Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowledgementsignaling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and/or toone or more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block may be consideredan example of a subblock, whereas a code block group may be consideredan example of a subblock group. Accordingly, the associated subpatternmay comprise one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback ofthe data block, and/or one or more bits indicating reception status orfeedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpattern orbit of the subpattern may be associated and/or mapped to a specific datablock or subblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct receptionfor a data block may be indicated if all subblocks or subblock groupsare correctly identified. In such a case, the subpattern may representacknowledgement information for the data block as a whole, reducingoverhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for thesubblocks or subblock groups. The smallest structure (e.g.subblock/subblock group/data block) the subpattern providesacknowledgement information for and/or is associated to may beconsidered its (highest) resolution. In some variants, a subpattern mayprovide acknowledgment information regarding several elements of a datablock structure and/or at different resolution, e.g. to allow morespecific error detection. For example, even if a subpattern indicatesacknowledgment signaling pertaining to a data block as a whole, in somevariants higher resolution (e.g., subblock or subblock group resolution)may be provided by the subpattern. A subpattern may generally compriseone or more bits indicating ACK/NACK for a data block, and/or one ormore bits for indicating ACK/NACK for a subblock or subblock group, orfor more than one subblock or subblock group.

A subblock and/or subblock group may comprise information bits(representing the data to be transmitted, e.g. user data and/ordownlink/sidelink data or uplink data). It may be considered that a datablock and/or subblock and/or subblock group also comprises error one ormore error detection bits, which may pertain to, and/or be determinedbased on, the information bits (for a subblock group, the errordetection bit/s may be determined based on the information bits and/orerror detection bits and/or error correction bits of the subblock/s ofthe subblock group). A data block or substructure like subblock orsubblock group may comprise error correction bits, which may inparticular be determined based on the information bits and errordetection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilising an errorcorrection coding scheme, e.g. LDPC or polar coding. Generally, theerror correction coding of a data block structure (and/or associatedbits) may cover and/or pertain to information bits and error detectionbits of the structure. A subblock group may represent a combination ofone or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits. A datablock may represent a code block or code block group, or a combinationof more than one code block groups. A transport block may be split up incode blocks and/or code block groups, for example based on the bit sizeof the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided forerror coding and/or size requirements or preferences for error coding,in particular error correction coding. Such a higher layer datastructure is sometimes also referred to as transport block, which inthis context represents information bits without the error coding bitsdescribed herein, although higher layer error handling information maybe included, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP. However, such errorhandling information represents information bits in the context of thisdisclosure, as the acknowledgement signaling procedures described treatit accordingly.

In some variants, a subblock like a code block may comprise errorcorrection bits, which may be determined based on the information bit/sand/or error detection bit/s of the subblock. An error correction codingscheme may be used for determining the error correction bits, e.g. basedon LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding. In some cases, asubblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block orpattern of bits comprising information bits, error detection bit/sdetermined based on the information bits, and error correction bit/sdetermined based on the information bits and/or error detection bit/s.It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g. code block, theinformation bits (and possibly the error correction bit/s) are protectedand/or covered by the error correction scheme or corresponding errorcorrection bit/s. A code block group may comprise one or more codeblocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and/orerror correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered toapply either or both. A transport block may comprise one or more codeblock groups. It may be considered that no additional error detectionbits and/or error correction bits are applied to a transport block,however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specificvariants, the code block group/s comprise no additional layers of errordetection or correction coding, and the transport block may compriseonly additional error detection coding bits, but no additional errorcorrection coding. This may particularly be true if the transport blocksize is larger than the code block size and/or the maximum size forerror correction coding. A subpattern of acknowledgement signaling (inparticular indicating ACK or NACK) may pertain to a code block, e.g.indicating whether the code block has been correctly received. It may beconsidered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like a code blockgroup or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it mayindicate ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group ordata/transport block are received correctly (e.g. based on a logical ANDoperation), and NACK or another state of non-correct reception if atleast one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. Itshould be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctlyreceived not only if it actually has been correctly received, but alsoif it can be correctly reconstructed based on soft-combining and/or theerror correction coding.

A subpattern/HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalingprocess and/or one carrier like a component carrier and/or data blockstructure or data block. It may in particular be considered that one(e.g. specific and/or single) subpattern pertains, e.g. is mapped by thecodebook, to one (e.g., specific and/or single) acknowledgementsignaling process, e.g. a specific and/or single HARQ process. It may beconsidered that in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped toacknowledgement signaling processes and/or data blocks or data blockstructures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, there may bemultiple subpatterns (and/or associated acknowledgment signalingprocesses) associated to the same component carrier, e.g. if multipledata streams transmitted on the carrier are subject to acknowledgementsignaling processes. A subpattern may comprise one or more bits, thenumber of which may be considered to represent its size or bit size.Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may beassociated to different elements of a data block structure (e.g., datablock or subblock or subblock group), and/or represent differentresolutions. There may be considered variants in which only oneresolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block. A bitn-tupel may represent acknowledgement information (also referred to afeedback), in particular ACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n>1), mayrepresent DTX/DRX or other reception states. ACK/NACK may be representedby one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. to improve disambiguity of bitsequences representing ACK or NACK, and/or to improve transmissionreliability.

The acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to aplurality of different transmissions, which may be associated to and/orrepresented by data block structures, respectively the associated datablocks or data signaling. The data block structures, and/or thecorresponding blocks and/or signaling, may be scheduled for simultaneoustransmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, inparticular within the same slot or subframe, and/or on the samesymbol/s. However, alternatives with scheduling for non-simultaneoustransmission may be considered. For example, the acknowledgmentinformation may pertain to data blocks scheduled for differenttransmission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, orslots and mini-slots) or similar, which may correspondingly be received(or not or wrongly received). Scheduling signaling may generallycomprise indicating resources, e.g. time and/or frequency resources, forexample for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signaling.

References to specific resource structures like transmission timingstructure and/or symbol and/or slot and/or mini-slot and/or subcarrierand/or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may bepredefined and/or configured or configurable. A transmission timingstructure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or moresymbols. Some examples of a transmission timing structure aretransmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot. A slotmay comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and/or configured orconfigurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slotmay comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular beconfigurable or configured) smaller than the number of symbols of aslot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4 symbols. A transmission timingstructure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may bedependent on symbol time length and/or cyclic prefix used. Atransmission timing structure may pertain to, and/or cover, a specifictime interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication.Timing structures used and/or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slotand/or mini-slots, may be scheduled in relation to, and/or synchronizedto, a timing structure provided and/or defined by other transmissiontiming structures. Such transmission timing structures may define atiming grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individualstructures representing the smallest timing units. Such a timing gridmay for example be defined by slots or subframes (wherein in some cases,subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A transmissiontiming structure may have a duration (length in time) determined basedon the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclicprefix/es used. The symbols of a transmission timing structure may havethe same duration, or may in some variants have different duration. Thenumber of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be predefinedand/or configured or configurable, and/or be dependent on numerology.The timing of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable,in particular by the network and/or a network node. The timing may beconfigurable to start and/or end at any symbol of the transmissiontiming structure, in particular one or more slots. A subframe maycomprise 1 or more slots, depending on numerology. A frame may comprise10 subframes.

There is generally considered a program product comprising instructionsadapted for causing processing and/or control circuitry to carry outand/or control any method described herein, in particular when executedon the processing and/or control circuitry. Also, there is considered acarrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product asdescribed herein.

A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media.Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and/or readable and/orreceivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and/or aprogram product and/or code may be seen as part of carrying data and/ora program product and/or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise aguiding/transporting medium and/or a storage medium. Aguiding/transporting medium may be adapted to carry and/or carry and/orstore signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and/or electricalsignals and/or magnetic signals and/or optical signals. A carriermedium, in particular a guiding/transporting medium, may be adapted toguide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular aguiding/transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field,e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and/or optically transmissive material,e.g. glass fiber, and/or cable. A storage medium may comprise at leastone of a memory, which may be volatile or non-volatile, a buffer, acache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc. A carriermedium and/or storage medium may in particular be a non-transitorymedium.

A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, inparticular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The systemmay be a wireless communication system, and/or provide and/or representa radio access network.

Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating aninformation system, the method comprising providing information.Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted forproviding information may be considered. Providing information maycomprise providing information for, and/or to, a target system, whichmay comprise and/or be implemented as radio access network and/or aradio node, in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal.Providing information may comprise transferring and/or streaming and/orsending and/or passing on the information, and/or offering theinformation for such and/or for download, and/or triggering suchproviding, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to streamand/or transfer and/or send and/or pass on the information. Theinformation system may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to,a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a corenetwork and/or internet and/or private or local network. Information maybe provided utilising and/or via such intermediate system/s. Providinginformation may be for radio transmission and/or for transmission via anair interface and/or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein.Connecting the information system to a target, and/or providinginformation, may be based on a target indication, and/or adaptive to atarget indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and/orone or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and/orthe paths or connections over which the information is provided to thetarget. Such parameter/s may in particular pertain to the air interfaceand/or radio access network and/or radio node and/or network node.Example parameters may indicate for example type and/or nature of thetarget, and/or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and/or latencyand/or reliability and/or cost, respectively one or more estimatesthereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, ordetermined by the information system, e.g. based on information receivedfrom the target and/or historical information, and/or be provided by auser, for example a user operating the target or a device incommunication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and/or air interface.For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating withthe information system that information is to be provided via a RAN,e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system,for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a webinterface. An information system may comprise one or more informationnodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitryand/or communication circuitry. In particular, an information systemand/or an information node may be implemented as a computer and/or acomputer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangementand/or server or server arrangement. In some variants, an interactionserver (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a userinterface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and/orstreaming information provision to the user (and/or the target) fromanother server, which may be connected or connectable to the interactionserver and/or be part of the information system or be connected orconnectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, inparticular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. videodata and/or audio data and/or location data and/or interactive dataand/or game-related data and/or environmental data and/or technical dataand/or traffic data and/or vehicular data and/or circumstantial dataand/or operational data. The information provided by the informationsystem may be mapped to, and/or mappable to, and/or be intended formapping to, communication or data signaling and/or one or more datachannels as described herein (which may be signaling or channel/s of anair interface and/or used within a RAN and/or for radio transmission).It may be considered that the information is formatted based on thetarget indication and/or target, e.g. regarding data amount and/or datarate and/or data structure and/or timing, which in particular may bepertaining to a mapping to communication or data signaling and/or a datachannels. Mapping information to data signaling and/or data channel/smay be considered to refer to using the signaling/channel/s to carry thedata, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with thesignaling/channel/s underlying the transmission. A target indicationgenerally may comprise different components, which may have differentsources, and/or which may indicate different characteristics of thetarget and/or communication path/s thereto. A format of information maybe specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, forinformation to be transmitted on an air interface and/or by a RAN asdescribed herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an airinterface may be limited in terms of capacity and/or of predictability,and/or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to beadapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicatethat a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which maybe the indicated and/or planned and/or expected path) of informationbetween the target and the information system. A (communication) path ofinformation may represent the interface/s (e.g., air and/or cableinterfaces) and/or the intermediate system/s (if any), between theinformation system and/or the node providing or transferring theinformation, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be,passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a targetindication is provided, and/or the information is provided/transferredby the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which maycomprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and/or a formatused for information may be packet-based, and/or be mapped, and/or bemappable and/or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, oradditionally, there may be considered a method for operating a targetdevice comprising providing a target indicating to an informationsystem. More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may beconsidered, the target device being adapted for providing a targetindication to an information system. In another approach, there may beconsidered a target indication tool adapted for, and/or comprising anindication module for, providing a target indication to an informationsystem. The target device may generally be a target as described above.A target indication tool may comprise, and/or be implemented as,software and/or application or app, and/or web interface or userinterface, and/or may comprise one or more modules for implementingactions performed and/or controlled by the tool. The tool and/or targetdevice may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving auser input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and/orprovided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and/or target devicemay be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receivinginformation and/or communication signaling carrying information, and/oroperating on, and/or presenting (e.g., on a screen and/or as audio or asother form of indication), information. The information may be based onreceived information and/or communication signaling carryinginformation. Presenting information may comprise processing receivedinformation, e.g. decoding and/or transforming, in particular betweendifferent formats, and/or for hardware used for presenting. Operating oninformation may be independent of or without presenting, and/or proceedor succeed presenting, and/or may be without user interaction or evenuser reception, for example for automatic processes, or target deviceswithout (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of forautomotive or transport or industrial use. The information orcommunication signaling may be expected and/or received based on thetarget indication. Presenting and/or operating on information maygenerally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decodingand/or executing and/or interpreting and/or transforming information.Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and/ortransmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which mayinclude mapping the information onto signaling (such mapping maygenerally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of anair interface, e.g. RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and/or MAC layerand/or physical layer/s). The information may be imprinted (or mapped)on communication signaling based on the target indication, which maymake it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a targetdevice like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal).

The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UEor terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple functionalities,e.g. for providing and/or selecting the target indication, and/orpresenting, e.g. video and/or audio, and/or operating on and/or storingreceived information. Providing a target indication may comprisetransmitting or transferring the indication as signaling, and/or carriedon signaling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or thetool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may betransferred to the information system via one or more additionallycommunication interfaces and/or paths and/or connections. The targetindication may be a higher-layer indication and/or the informationprovided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g.application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers liketransport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mappedon physical layer radio signaling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane,and/or the information may be mapped on physical layer radiocommunication signaling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (inparticular, in reverse communication directions). The describedapproaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitatinginformation to be provided in a specific format particularly suitableand/or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may forexample represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmissionmodes or formats, and/or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and/orpackaging and/or size of information to be provided by the informationsystem.

In general, a numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may indicate thebandwidth (in frequency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and/or thenumber of subcarriers in a carrier and/or the numbering of thesubcarriers in a carrier. Different numerologies may in particular bedifferent in the bandwidth of a subcarrier. In some variants, all thesubcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated to them. Thenumerology and/or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriersin particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length,and/or a time length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier maybe dependent on the carrier frequency, and/or the subcarrier spacingand/or the numerology. In particular, different numerologies may havedifferent symbol time lengths.

Signaling may generally comprise one or more symbols and/or signalsand/or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. Anindication may represent signaling, and/or be implemented as a signal,or as a plurality of signals. One or more signals may be included inand/or represented by a message. Signaling, in particular controlsignaling, may comprise a plurality of signals and/or messages, whichmay be transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated todifferent signaling processes, e.g. representing and/or pertaining toone or more such processes and/or corresponding information. Anindication may comprise signaling, and/or a plurality of signals and/ormessages and/or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted ondifferent carriers and/or be associated to different acknowledgementsignaling processes, e.g. representing and/or pertaining to one or moresuch processes. Signaling associated to a channel may be transmittedsuch that represents signaling and/or information for that channel,and/or that the signaling is interpreted by the transmitter and/orreceiver to belong to that channel. Such signaling may generally complywith transmission parameters and/or format/s for the channel.

Reference signaling may be signaling comprising one or more referencesymbols and/or structures. Reference signaling may be adapted forgauging and/or estimating and/or representing transmission conditions,e.g. channel conditions and/or transmission path conditions and/orchannel (or signal or transmission) quality. It may be considered thatthe transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and/or formand/or modulation and/or timing) of reference signaling are availablefor both transmitter and receiver of the signaling (e.g., due to beingpredefined and/or configured or configurable and/or being communicated).Different types of reference signaling may be considered, e.g.pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (inparticular, cell-wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressedto a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS),demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and/or signal strength related, e.g.power-related or energy-related or amplitude-related (e.g., SRS or pilotsignaling) and/or phase-related, etc.

An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements(radiating elements), which may be combined in antenna arrays. Anantenna array or subarray may comprise one antenna element, or aplurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. twodimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may beconsidered that each antenna array or subarray or element is separatelycontrollable, respectively that different antenna arrays arecontrollable separately from each other. A single antennaelement/radiator may be considered the smallest example of a subarray.Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels orone or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antennaarrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may beconsidered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specificand/or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or schedulingradio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. Anantenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g.,in size and/or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antennaarrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antennaarrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change thebeam forming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may beformed by combining one or more independently or separately controllableantenna elements or subarrays. The beams may be provided by analogbeamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming. The informingradio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g.by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example asbeam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases inwhich the informing radio node/s are not configured with suchinformation, and/or operate transparently, not knowing the way ofbeamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separatelycontrollable in regard to the phase and/or amplitude/power and/or gainof a signal feed to it for transmission, and/or separately controllableantenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmitand/or receive unit and/or ADC (Analog-Digital-Converter, alternativelyan ADC chain) to convert digital control information into an analogantenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC may beconsidered part of, and/or connected or connectable to, antennacircuitry). A scenario in which each antenna element is individuallycontrollable may be referred to as digital beamforming, whereas ascenario in which larger arrays/subarrays are separately controllablemay be considered an example of analog beamforming. Hybrid forms may beconsidered.

Uplink or sidelink signaling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division MultipleAccess) signaling. Downlink signaling may in particular be OFDMAsignaling. However, signaling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank basedsignaling may be considered one alternative).

A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted forwireless and/or radio (and/or microwave) frequency communication, and/orfor communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to acommunication standard.

A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. Anetwork node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network,e.g. a base station and/or gNodeB (gNB) and/or eNodeB (eNB) and/or relaynode and/or micro/nano/pico/femto node and/or transmission point (TP)and/or access point (AP) and/or other node, in particular for a RAN asdescribed herein.

The terms wireless device, user equipment (UE) and terminal may beconsidered to be interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. Awireless device, user equipment or terminal may represent an end devicefor communication utilising the wireless communication network, and/orbe implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples ofuser equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personalcommunication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, inparticular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and/oradapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC(Machine-Type-Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M,Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication. Auser equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary.

A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or radiocircuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some casescomprise cable circuitry and/or communication circuitry, with which itmay be connected or connectable to another radio node and/or a corenetwork.

Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry maycomprise one or more processors and/or controllers (e.g.,microcontrollers), and/or ASICs (Application Specific IntegratedCircuitry) and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. Itmay be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and/or is(operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memoryarrangements. A memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. Amemory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples formemories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and/or Random AccessMemory (RAM), and/or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and/or magnetic and/oroptical memory, and/or flash memory, and/or hard disk memory, and/orEPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically ErasableProgrammable ROM).

Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and/or receiversand/or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable astransmitter and receiver, and/or may comprise joint or separatedcircuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package orhousing), and/or may comprise one or more amplifiers and/or oscillatorsand/or filters, and/or may comprise, and/or be connected or connectableto antenna circuitry and/or one or more antennas and/or antenna arrays.An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may bearranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and/or antennapanels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of anantenna array. However, in some variants, a RRH may be also beimplemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and/orfunctionality implemented therein.

Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and/or cablecircuitry. Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or moreinterfaces, which may be air interface/s and/or cable interface/s and/oroptical interface/s, e.g. laser-based. Interface/s may be in particularpacket-based. Cable circuitry and/or a cable interfaces may comprise,and/or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., opticalfiber-based and/or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly(e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and/or interfaces) beconnected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communicationcircuitry and/or processing circuitry.

Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented insoftware and/or firmware and/or hardware. Different modules may beassociated to different components of a radio node, e.g. differentcircuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered thata module is distributed over different components and/or circuitries. Aprogram product as described herein may comprise the modules related toa device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a userequipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may beperformed on, and/or controlled by the associated circuitry).

A radio access network may be a wireless communication network, and/or aRadio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communicationstandard. A communication standard may in particular a standardaccording to 3GPP and/or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particularLTE Evolution.

A wireless communication network may be and/or comprise a Radio AccessNetwork (RAN), which may be and/or comprise any kind of cellular and/orwireless radio network, which may be connected or connectable to a corenetwork. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and/or NR (New Radio), respectivelysuccessors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and/orone or more terminals, and/or one or more radio nodes. A network nodemay in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and/or wirelessand/or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal maybe any device adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellularcommunication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobilephone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communicationdevice or device for machine-type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminalmay be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wirelesscommunication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE,or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered awireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system,comprising at least one radio node, and/or at least one network node andat least one terminal.

Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network ornetwork node to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain totransmission from the terminal to the network or network node.Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from oneterminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelinktransmission and reception) may be considered communication directions.In some variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to describedwireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhauland/or relay communication and/or (wireless) network communication forexample between base stations or similar network nodes, in particularcommunication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhauland/or relay communication and/or network communication is implementedas a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.

Control information or a control information message or correspondingsignaling (control signaling) may be transmitted on a control channel,e.g. a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel or (ora sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE scheduling another UE).For example, control information/allocation information may be signaledby a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and/or aPDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel.Acknowledgement signaling, e.g. as a form of control information orsignaling like uplink control information/signaling, may be transmittedby a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and/or PUSCH(Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel.Multiple channels may apply for multi-component/multi-carrier indicationor signaling.

Signaling may generally be considered to represent an electromagneticwave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval),which is intended to convey information to at least one specific orgeneric (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signaling) target. A processof signaling may comprise transmitting the signaling. Transmittingsignaling, in particular control signaling or communication signaling,e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signaling and/orresource requesting information, may comprise encoding and/ormodulating. Encoding and/or modulating may comprise error detectioncoding and/or forward error correction encoding and/or scrambling.Receiving control signaling may comprise corresponding decoding and/ordemodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and/or be based on,parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).Forward error correction coding may comprise and/or be based on forexample turbo coding and/or Reed-Muller coding, and/or polar codingand/or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding usedmay be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal isassociated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number ofinformation bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits afterencoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detectioncoding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to informationbits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

Communication signaling may comprise, and/or represent, and/or beimplemented as, data signaling, and/or user plane signaling.Communication signaling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. aphysical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physicalsidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink SharedChannel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a datachannel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalingmay be signaling associated to and/or on a data channel.

An indication generally may explicitly and/or implicitly indicate theinformation it represents and/or indicates. Implicit indication may forexample be based on position and/or resource used for transmission.Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation withone or more parameters, and/or one or more index or indices, and/or oneor more bit patterns or bit fields representing the information. It mayin particular be considered that control signaling as described herein,based on the utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates thecontrol signaling type.

A resource element may generally describe the smallest individuallyusable and/or encodable and/or decodable and/or modulatable and/ordemodulatable time-frequency resource, and/or may describe atime-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and asubcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and/or allocated toa resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. asdefined by a standard. A carrier may define a frequency and/or frequencyband for transmission and/or reception. In some variants, a signal(jointly encoded/modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. Aresource element may generally be as defined by a correspondingstandard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and/or subcarrierspacing (and/or numerology) may be different between different symbolsand/or subcarriers, different resource elements may have differentextension (length/width) in time and/or frequency domain, in particularresource elements pertaining to different carriers.

A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and/or coderesource, on which signaling, e.g. according to a specific format, maybe communicated, for example transmitted and/or received, and/or beintended for transmission and/or reception.

A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an endingsymbol for transmitting and/or receiving. A starting symbol may inparticular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signaling, forexample control signaling or data signaling. Such signaling may be on adata channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particulara physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data orshared channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or asidelink control channel. If the starting symbol is associated tocontrol signaling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalingmay be in response to received signaling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g.representing acknowledgement signaling associated thereto, which may beHARQ or ARQ signaling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol(in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signaling, which maybe intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment. Suchdownlink signaling may in particular be data signaling, e.g. on aphysical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (PhysicalDownlink Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on,and/or in relation to, such an ending symbol.

Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment,may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and/orinstructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may bedone by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio nodeof the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which caseit may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to beconfigured. Such configuration data may represent the configuration tobe configured and/or comprise one or more instruction pertaining to aconfiguration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting and/or receiving onallocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node mayconfigure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from anetwork or network node. A network node may utilise, and/or be adaptedto utilise, its circuitry/ies for configuring. Allocation informationmay be considered a form of configuration data. Configuration data maycomprise and/or be represented by configuration information, and/or oneor more corresponding indications and/or message/s

Generally, configuring may include determining configuration datarepresenting the configuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it toone or more other nodes (parallel and/or sequentially), which maytransmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which may berepeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, oradditionally, configuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or otherdevice, may include receiving configuration data and/or data pertainingto configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node,which may be a higher-level node of the network, and/or transmittingreceived configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determininga configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radionode may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which maybe able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interfacein the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring aterminal may comprise scheduling downlink and/or uplink transmissionsfor the terminal, e.g. downlink data and/or downlink control signalingand/or DCI and/or uplink control or data or communication signaling, inparticular acknowledgement signaling, and/or configuring resourcesand/or a resource pool therefor.

A resource structure may be considered to be neighbored in frequencydomain by another resource structure, if they share a common borderfrequency, e.g. one as an upper frequency border and the other as alower frequency border. Such a border may for example be represented bythe upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which alsorepresents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. Aresource structure may be considered to be neighbored in time domain byanother resource structure, if they share a common border time, e.g. oneas an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower(or left in the figures) border. Such a border may for example berepresented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symboln, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time intervalassigned to a symbol n+1.

Generally, a resource structure being neighbored by another resourcestructure in a domain may also be referred to as abutting and/orbordering the other resource structure in the domain.

A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and/orfrequency domain, in particular representing a time interval and afrequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and/or becomprised of resource elements, and/or the time interval of a resourcestructure may comprise and/or be comprised of symbol time interval/s,and/or the frequency interval of a resource structure may compriseand/or be comprised of subcarrier/s. A resource element may beconsidered an example for a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or aPhysical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others.A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. aPUSCH or PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot orPRB.

Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise abandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a partof a bandwidth available for a radio node for communicating, e.g. due tocircuitry and/or configuration and/or regulations and/or a standard. Abandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. Insome variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used forcommunicating, e.g. transmitting and/or receiving, by a radio node. Thebandwidth part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a devicebandwidth defined by the circuitry/configuration of a device, and/or asystem bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that abandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource blockgroups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth partmay pertain to, and/or comprise, one or more carriers.

A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and/orpertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. Itmay be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. Acarrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequencyinterval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to eachsubcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth orinterval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and/or may beneighboring in frequency domain.

It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may beconsidered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may alsoinclude wireless communication utilising microwave and/or millimeterand/or other frequencies, in particular between 100 MHz or 1 GHz, and100 GHz or 20 or 10 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or morecarriers.

A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generallybe any device adapted for transmitting and/or receiving radio and/orwireless signals and/or data, in particular communication data, inparticular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier maycomprise a carrier accessed based on a LBT procedure (which may becalled LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be consideredthat the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate. A radio node that is anetwork node may be referred to as radio network node. Receiving ortransmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmittingutilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell orcarrier. A cell may generally comprise and/or be defined by or for oneor more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for ULcommunication/transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrierfor DL communication/transmission (called DL carrier). It may beconsidered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DLcarriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at leastone carrier for UL communication/transmission and DLcommunication/transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.

A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. Achannel may comprise and/or be arranged on one or more carriers, inparticular a plurality of subcarriers. A channel carrying and/or forcarrying control signaling/control information may be considered acontrol channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/orif it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carryingand/or for carrying data signaling/user information may be considered adata channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or ifit carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for aspecific communication direction, or for two complementary communicationdirections (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in whichcase it may be considered to have two component channels, one for eachdirection. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latencyand/or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel forUltra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be forcontrol and/or data.

In general, a symbol may represent and/or be associated to a symbol timelength, which may be dependent on the carrier and/or subcarrier spacingand/or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol maybe considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length inrelation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on acarrier frequency and/or bandwidth and/or numerology and/or subcarrierspacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbolsmay have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies withdifferent subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length.Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and/or include, a guardtime interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.

A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channelstructure) between two UEs and/or terminals, in which data istransmitted between the participants (UEs and/or terminals) via thecommunication channel, e.g. directly and/or without being relayed via anetwork node. A sidelink may be established only and/or directly via airinterface/s of the participant, which may be directly linked via thesidelink communication channel. In some variants, sidelink communicationmay be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedlydefined resources and/or on resources negotiated between theparticipants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered thata network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuringresources, in particular one or more resource pool/s, for sidelinkcommunication, and/or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.

Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D)communication, and/or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services)communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implementedin the context of V2x communication (Vehicular communication), e.g. V2V(Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and/or V2P(Vehicle-to-Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication maybe considered a user equipment or terminal.

A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more(e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical SidelinkControl CHannel, which may for example carry control information like anacknowledgement position indication, and/or a PSSCH (Physical SidelinkShared CHannel, which for example may carry data and/or acknowledgementsignaling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel(or structure) pertains to and/or used one or more carrier/s and/orfrequency range/s associated to, and/or being used by, cellularcommunication, e.g. according to a specific license and/or standard.Participants may share a (physical) channel and/or resources, inparticular in frequency domain and/or related to a frequency resourcelike a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or more participantstransmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and/or time-shifted, and/or theremay be associated specific channels and/or resources to specificparticipants, so that for example only one participant transmits on aspecific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g.,in frequency domain and/or related to one or more carriers orsubcarriers.

A sidelink may comply with, and/or be implemented according to, aspecific standard, e.g. a LTE-based standard and/or NR. A sidelink mayutilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and/or FDD (Frequency DivisionDuplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and/orpreconfigured and/or negotiated between the participants. A userequipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication ifit, and/or its radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry, is adaptedfor utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and/orcarriers and/or in one or more formats, in particular according to aspecific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio AccessNetwork is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication.Alternatively, or additionally, a Radio Access Network may berepresented, and/or defined with, and/or be related to a network nodeand/or communication with such a node.

Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmittingand/or receiving signaling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelinksignaling) may comprise utilising the sidelink for communication(respectively, for signaling). Sidelink transmission and/or transmittingon a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising thesidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/orcircuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink reception and/or receivingon a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising thesidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/orcircuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g.,SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control informationtransmitted utilising a sidelink.

Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radioconnection and/or communication link between a wireless and/or cellularcommunication network and/or network node and a terminal or on asidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one directionof transmission (e.g. DL and/or UL), as well as to the aggregate ofcarriers. A corresponding communication link may be referred to ascarrier aggregated communication link or CA communication link; carriersin a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). Insuch a link, data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriersand/or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate ofcarriers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicatedcontrol carriers and/or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred toas primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information maybe transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primarycarrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondarycarriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in someapproaches, control information may be send over more than one carrierof an aggregate, e.g. one or more PCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs.

A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and/orspecific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and endingsymbol in time, covering the interval therebetween. A scheduledtransmission may be a transmission scheduled and/or expected and/or forwhich resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, notevery scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, ascheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduleduplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, orother influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier beingoccupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timingsubstructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and/or covering only a part of atransmission timing structure) within a transmission timing structurelike a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in thetransmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.

Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the relatedinformation being defined for example in a standard, and/or beingavailable without specific configuration from a network or network node,e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured.Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to thecorresponding information being set/configured, e.g. by the network or anetwork node.

A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and/orstructure configuration, may schedule transmissions, e.g. for thetime/transmissions it is valid, and/or transmissions may be scheduled byseparate signaling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRCsignaling and/or downlink control information signaling. Thetransmission/s scheduled may represent signaling to be transmitted bythe device for which it is scheduled, or signaling to be received by thedevice for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of acommunication the device is. It should be noted that downlink controlinformation or specifically DCI signaling may be considered physicallayer signaling, in contrast to higher layer signaling like MAC (MediumAccess Control) signaling or RRC layer signaling. The higher the layerof signaling is, the less frequent/the more time/resource consuming itmay be considered, at least partially due to the information containedin such signaling having to be passed on through several layers, eachlayer requiring processing and handling.

A scheduled transmission, and/or transmission timing structure like amini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular aphysical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or aphysical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or PDSCH, and/or maypertain to a specific cell and/or carrier aggregation. A correspondingconfiguration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration maypertain to such channel, cell and/or carrier aggregation. It may beconsidered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on aphysical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example aphysical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared channel. Forsuch channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable.

Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing,and/or be represented or configured with corresponding configurationdata. A configuration may be embedded in, and/or comprised in, a messageor configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and/orschedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and/orsemi-statically.

A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an intervalin time for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signaling, inparticular downlink control signaling, and/or for a specific controlchannel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel like PDCCH. Theinterval may comprise, and/or consist of, a number of symbols in time,which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specific) dedicatedsignaling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to orintended for a specific UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signaling, or on amulticast or broadcast channel. In general, the transmission timingstructure may comprise a control region covering a configurable numberof symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol isconfigured to be after the control region in time.

The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of thetransmission timing structure may generally be dependent on a numerologyand/or carrier, wherein the numerology and/or carrier may beconfigurable. The numerology may be the numerology to be used for thescheduled transmission.

Scheduling a device, or for a device, and/or related transmission orsignaling, may be considered comprising, or being a form of, configuringthe device with resources, and/or of indicating to the device resources,e.g. to use for communicating. Scheduling may in particular pertain to atransmission timing structure, or a substructure thereof (e.g., a slotor a mini-slot, which may be considered a substructure of a slot). Itmay be considered that a border symbol may be identified and/ordetermined in relation to the transmission timing structure even if fora substructure being scheduled, e.g. if an underlying timing grid isdefined based on the transmission timing structure. Signaling indicatingscheduling may comprise corresponding scheduling information and/or beconsidered to represent or contain configuration data indicating thescheduled transmission and/or comprising scheduling information. Suchconfiguration data or signaling may be considered a resourceconfiguration or scheduling configuration. It should be noted that sucha configuration (in particular as single message) in some cases may notbe complete without other configuration data, e.g. configured with othersignaling, e.g. higher layer signaling. In particular, the symbolconfiguration may be provided in addition to scheduling/resourceconfiguration to identify exactly which symbols are assigned to ascheduled transmission. A scheduling (or resource) configuration mayindicate transmission timing structure/s and/or resource amount (e.g.,in number of symbols or length in time) for a scheduled transmission.

A scheduled transmission may be transmission scheduled, e.g. by thenetwork or network node. Transmission may in this context may be uplink(UL) or downlink (DL) or sidelink (SL) transmission. A device, e.g. auser equipment, for which the scheduled transmission is scheduled, mayaccordingly be scheduled to receive (e.g., in DL or SL), or to transmit(e.g. in UL or SL) the scheduled transmission. Scheduling transmissionmay in particular be considered to comprise configuring a scheduleddevice with resource/s for this transmission, and/or informing thedevice that the transmission is intended and/or scheduled for someresources. A transmission may be scheduled to cover a time interval, inparticular a successive number of symbols, which may form a continuousinterval in time between (and including) a starting symbol and an endingsymbols. The starting symbol and the ending symbol of a (e.g.,scheduled) transmission may be within the same transmission timingstructure, e.g. the same slot. However, in some cases, the ending symbolmay be in a later transmission timing structure than the startingsymbol, in particular a structure following in time. To a scheduledtransmission, a duration may be associated and/or indicated, e.g. in anumber of symbols or associated time intervals. In some variants, theremay be different transmissions scheduled in the same transmission timingstructure. A scheduled transmission may be considered to be associatedto a specific channel, e.g. a shared channel like PUSCH or PDSCH.

In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished betweendynamically scheduled or aperiodic transmission and/or configuration,and semi-static or semi-persistent or periodic transmission and/orconfiguration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertainto configuration/transmission valid and/or scheduled and/or configuredfor (relatively) short timescales and/or a (e.g., predefined and/orconfigured and/or limited and/or definite) number of occurrences and/ortransmission timing structures, e.g. one or more transmission timingstructures like slots or slot aggregations, and/or for one or more(e.g., specific number) of transmission/occurrences. Dynamicconfiguration may be based on low-level signaling, e.g. controlsignaling on the physical layer and/or MAC layer, in particular in theform of DCI or SCI. Periodic/semi-static may pertain to longertimescales, e.g. several slots and/or more than one frame, and/or anon-defined number of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configurationcontradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodicor semi-static configuration may be based on, and/or be configured with,higher-layer signaling, in particular RCL layer signaling and/or RRCsignaling and/or MAC signaling.

A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols,and/or define an interval comprising several symbols (respectively theirassociated time intervals). In the context of this disclosure, it shouldbe noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of reference may beinterpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval ortime component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it isclear from the context that the frequency domain component also has tobe considered. Examples of transmission timing structures include slot,subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of aslot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and maybe considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their timedomain component. A transmission timing structure may generally comprisea plurality of symbols defining the time domain extension (e.g.,interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure,and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timingstructure (which may also be considered or implemented assynchronisation structure) may be defined by a succession of suchtransmission timing structures, which may for example define a timinggrid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. Atransmission timing structure, and/or a border symbol or a scheduledtransmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timinggrid. A transmission timing structure of reception may be thetransmission timing structure in which the scheduling control signalingis received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timingstructure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, amini-slot.

Feedback signaling may be considered a form or control signaling, e.g.uplink or sidelink control signaling, like UCI (Uplink ControlInformation) signaling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signaling.Feedback signaling may in particular comprise and/or representacknowledgement signaling and/or acknowledgement information and/ormeasurement reporting.

Acknowledgement information may comprise an indication of a specificvalue or state for an acknowledgement signaling process, e.g. ACK orNACK or DTX. Such an indication may for example represent a bit or bitvalue or bit pattern or an information switch. Different levels ofacknowledgement information, e.g. providing differentiated informationabout quality of reception and/or error position in received dataelement/s may be considered and/or represented by control signaling.Acknowledgment information may generally indicate acknowledgment ornon-acknowledgment or non-reception or different levels thereof, e.g.representing ACK or NACK or DTX. Acknowledgment information may pertainto one acknowledgement signaling process. Acknowledgement signaling maycomprise acknowledgement information pertaining to one or moreacknowledgement signaling processes, in particular one or more HARQ orARQ processes. It may be considered that to each acknowledgmentsignaling process the acknowledgement information pertains to, aspecific number of bits of the information size of the control signalingis assigned. Measurement reporting signaling may comprise measurementinformation.

Signaling may generally comprise one or more symbols and/or signalsand/or messages. A signal may comprise and/or represent one or morebits, which may be modulated into a common modulated signal. Anindication may represent signaling, and/or be implemented as a signal,or as a plurality of signals. One or more signals may be included inand/or represented by a message. Signaling, in particular controlsignaling, may comprise a plurality of signals and/or messages, whichmay be transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated todifferent acknowledgement signaling processes, e.g. representing and/orpertaining to one or more such processes. An indication may comprisesignaling and/or a plurality of signals and/or messages and/or may becomprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and/orbe associated to different acknowledgement signaling processes, e.g.representing and/or pertaining to one or more such processes.

Signaling utilising, and/or on and/or associated to, resources or aresource structure may be signaling covering the resources or structure,signaling on the associated frequency/ies and/or in the associated timeinterval/s. It may be considered that a signaling resource structurecomprises and/or encompasses one or more substructures, which may beassociated to one or more different channels and/or types of signalingand/or comprise one or more holes (resource element/s not scheduled fortransmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure,e.g. a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in timeand/or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be consideredthat a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure,represents a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements intime/frequency space. However, in some cases, a resource structure orsubstructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent anon-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. timeand/or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may bescheduled for associated signaling.

It should generally be noted that the number of bits or a bit rateassociated to specific signaling that can be carried on a resourceelement may be based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS). Thus, bitsor a bit rate may be seen as a form of resources representing a resourcestructure or range in frequency and/or time, e.g. depending on MCS. TheMCS may be configured or configurable, e.g. by control signaling, e.g.DCI or MAC (Medium Access Control) or RRC (Radio Resource Control)signaling.

Different formats of for control information may be considered, e.g.different formats for a control channel like a Physical Uplink ControlChannel (PUCCH). PUCCH may carry control information or correspondingcontrol signaling, e.g. Uplink Control Information (UCI). UCI maycomprise feedback signaling, and/or acknowledgement signaling like HARQfeedback (ACK/NACK), and/or measurement information signaling, e.g.comprising Channel Quality Information (CQI), and/or Scheduling Request(SR) signaling. One of the supported PUCCH formats may be short, and maye.g. occur at the end of a slot interval, and/or multiplexed and/orneighboring to PUSCH. Similar control information may be provided on asidelink, e.g. as Sidelink Control Information (SCI), in particular on a(physical) sidelink control channel, like a (P)SCCH.

A code block may be considered a subelement of a data element like atransport block, e.g., a transport block may comprise a one or aplurality of code blocks.

A scheduling assignment may be configured with control signaling, e.g.downlink control signaling or sidelink control signaling. Such controlssignaling may be considered to represent and/or comprise schedulingsignaling, which may indicate scheduling information. A schedulingassignment may be considered scheduling information indicatingscheduling of signaling/transmission of signaling, in particularpertaining to signaling received or to be received by the deviceconfigured with the scheduling assignment. It may be considered that ascheduling assignment may indicate data (e.g., data block or elementand/or channel and/or data stream) and/or an (associated)acknowledgement signaling process and/or resource/s on which the data(or, in some cases, reference signaling) is to be received and/orindicate resource/s for associated feedback signaling, and/or a feedbackresource range on which associated feedback signaling is to betransmitted. Transmission associated to an acknowledgement signalingprocess, and/or the associated resources or resource structure, may beconfigured and/or scheduled, for example by a scheduling assignment.Different scheduling assignments may be associated to differentacknowledgement signaling processes. A scheduling assignment may beconsidered an example of downlink control information or signaling, e.g.if transmitted by a network node and/or provided on downlink (orsidelink control information if transmitted using a sidelink and/or by auser equipment).

A scheduling grant (e.g., uplink grant) may represent control signaling(e.g., downlink control information/signaling). It may be consideredthat a scheduling grant configures the signaling resource range and/orresources for uplink (or sidelink) signaling, in particular uplinkcontrol signaling and/or feedback signaling, e.g. acknowledgementsignaling. Configuring the signaling resource range and/or resources maycomprise configuring or scheduling it for transmission by the configuredradio node. A scheduling grant may indicate a channel and/or possiblechannels to be used/usable for the feedback signaling, in particularwhether a shared channel like a PUSCH may be used/is to be used. Ascheduling grant may generally indicate uplink resource/s and/or anuplink channel and/or a format for control information pertaining toassociated scheduling assignments. Both grant and assignment/s may beconsidered (downlink or sidelink) control information, and/or beassociated to, and/or transmitted with, different messages.

A resource structure in frequency domain (which may be referred to asfrequency interval and/or range) may be represented by a subcarriergrouping. A subcarrier grouping may comprise one or more subcarriers,each of which may represent a specific frequency interval, and/orbandwidth. The bandwidth of a subcarrier, the length of the interval infrequency domain, may be determined by the subcarrier spacing and/ornumerology. The subcarriers may be arranged such that each subcarrierneighbours at least one other subcarrier of the grouping in frequencyspace (for grouping sizes larger than 1). The subcarriers of a groupingmay be associated to the same carrier, e.g. configurably or configuredof predefined. A physical resource block may be consideredrepresentative of a grouping (in frequency domain). A subcarriergrouping may be considered to be associated to a specific channel and/ortype of signaling, it transmission for such channel or signaling isscheduled and/or transmitted and/or intended and/or configured for atleast one, or a plurality, or all subcarriers in the grouping. Suchassociation may be time-dependent, e.g. configured or configurable orpredefined, and/or dynamic or semi-static. The association may bedifferent for different devices, e.g. configured or configurable orpredefined, and/or dynamic or semi-static. Patterns of subcarriergroupings may be considered, which may comprise one or more subcarriergroupings (which may be associated to same or differentsignalings/channels), and/or one or more groupings without associatedsignaling (e.g., as seen from a specific device). An example of apattern is a comb, for which between pairs of groupings associated tothe same signaling/channel there are arranged one or more groupingsassociated to one or more different channels and/or signaling types,and/or one or more groupings without associated channel/signaling).

Example types of signaling comprise signaling of a specificcommunication direction, in particular, uplink signaling, downlinksignaling, sidelink signaling, as well as reference signaling (e.g., SRSor CRS or CSI-RS), communication signaling, control signaling, and/orsignaling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH,PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation,specific details are set forth (such as particular network functions,processes and signaling steps) in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent toone skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may bepracticed in other variants and variants that depart from these specificdetails.

For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in thecontext of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or NewRadio mobile or wireless communications technologies; however, this doesnot rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connectionwith additional or alternative mobile communication technologies such asthe Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). While describedvariants may pertain to certain Technical Specifications (TSs) of theThird Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated thatthe present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized inconnection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services,functions and steps explained herein may be implemented using softwarefunctioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or generalpurpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variantsdescribed herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices,the concepts and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in aprogram product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry,e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, whereinthe memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products thatexecute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein.

It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presentedherein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and itwill be apparent that various changes may be made in the form,constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof withoutdeparting from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein orwithout sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspectspresented herein can be varied in many ways.

Some useful abbreviations comprise

Abbreviation Explanation ACK/NACK Acknowledgment/NegativeAcknowledgement ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest CAZAC Constant AmplitudeZero Cross Correlation CB Code Block CBG Code Block Group CDM CodeDivision Multiplex CM Cubic Metric CQI Channel Quality Information CRCCyclic Redundancy Check CRS Common reference signal CSI Channel StateInformation CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal DAIDownlink Assignment Indicator DCI Downlink Control Information DFTDiscrete Fourier Transform DM(−)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing)FDD Frequency Division Duplex FDM Frequency Division Multiplex HARQHybrid Automatic Repeat Request IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform MBBMobile Broadband MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMOMultiple-input-multiple-output MRC Maximum-ratio combining MRTMaximum-ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multiusermultiple-input-multiple-output OFDM/A Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplex/Multiple Access PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PDCCHPhysical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPRACH Physical Random Access CHannel PRB Physical Resource Block PUCCHPhysical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel(P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel (P)SSCH (Physical) SidelinkShared Channel RAN Radio Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology RBResource Block RRC Radio Resource Control SA Scheduling AssignmentSC-FDM/A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex/Multiple Access SCISidelink Control Information SINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noiseratio SIR Signal-to-interference ratio SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio SRScheduling Request SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing) SVD Singular-valuedecomposition TB Transport Block TDD Time Division Duplex TDM TimeDivision Multiplex UCI Uplink Control Information UE User EquipmentURLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMOVery-large multiple-input-multiple-output ZF Zero Forcing

Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable.

1. A method of operating a transmitting network node in a radio accessnetwork, the method comprising transmitting, based on determinedpresence of BS-to-BS interference, first reference signaling, the firstreference signaling indicating that the transmitting network node is avictim node of the BS-to-BS interference.
 2. A transmitting network nodefor a radio access network, the transmitting network node being adaptedto transmit, based on determined presence of BS-to-BS interference,first reference signaling, the first reference signaling indicating thatthe transmitting network node is a victim node of the BS-to-BSinterference.
 3. A method of operating a receiving network node in aradio access network, the method comprising transmitting, based onreceiving first reference signaling indicating that the transmittingnetwork node transmitting the first reference signaling is a victim nodeof BS-to-BS interference, second reference signaling for monitoringpresence of BS-to-BS interference by the victim node.
 4. A receivingnetwork node for a radio access network, the receiving network nodebeing adapted to transmit, based on receiving first reference signalingindicating that the transmitting network node transmitting the firstreference signaling is a victim node of BS-to-BS interference, secondreference signaling for monitoring BS-to-BS interference by the victimnode.
 5. The method or device according to claim 1, wherein presence ofBS-to-BS interference is determined based on a BS-to-NS interferenceindication.
 6. The method or device according to claim 1, whereintransmitting and/or receiving comprises operating on a carrier utilisingdynamic TDD.
 7. The method or device according to claim 1, wherein thefirst reference signaling indicates change in operation on a carrier. 8.The method or device according to claim 1, wherein the first referencesignaling is different from the second reference signaling.
 9. Themethod or device according to claim 1, wherein transmitting firstreference signaling is stopped based on losing reception of secondreference signaling.
 10. The method or device according to claim 1,wherein transmitting second reference signaling is stopped based onlosing reception of first reference signaling.
 11. (canceled) 12.(canceled)